Clinical Symptoms of Chronic Renal Failure

Chronic Renal Failure is a clinical syndrome caused by various kidney diseases. The patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) usually have a continuous decline of renal function. As a result, the patients will have metabolites retention, water and electrolyte disorders, acid-base disturbance, and present with systemic symptoms. Therefore, the consequences of Chronic Renal Failure are not confined to the damage of kidney, but also involve the main systems of the body, including intestinal system, blood system, cardiovascular system, nervous system, respiratory system, and so on.
I Intestinal Symptoms: Poor appetite, anorexia, nausea and vomiting are the common symptoms of intestinal involvements. In general, they are also the initial symptoms for the patients with Chronic Renal Failure. Ammonia smell in the mouth, oral mucosal inflammation, gastritis, and dodecadactylitis are commonly seen among the patients with CKD when entering renal failure stage.
II Hematological Symptoms: The majority of patients will have anemia when their creatinine has been over 300μmol/L. Compared with other kinds of anemia, renal anemia usually has a mild symptom. Bleeding is another symptom in blood system of the patients with Chronic Renal Failure. And lots of patients have bleeding gums and nose, ecchymoses, gastrointestinal bleeding, etc.
III Cardiovascular Symptom: Hypertension is a common complication of Chronic Renal Failure. Long-term symptom of high blood pressure will cause ventricular hypertrophy, cardiac arrhythmia, and even cardiac insufficiency. Advanced patients will have uremic pericarditis and cardiomyopathy.
IV Nervous Symptoms: In the early stage of Chronic Renal Failure, the patients usually present with fatigue, dizziness, poor memory, insomnia, numb limb and so on. In the advanced stage, the patients will have uremic encephalopathy, which characterizes with symptoms like somnolence, delirium, coma, twitch or epilepsia.
V Respiratory Symptoms：A few of patients may have uremia pneumonia, pleurisy, pleural effusion and pulmonary calcification.

VI Other Symptoms：In Chronic Renal Failure, due to the lack of Vitamin D, hyperparathyroidism, aluminum overload, some patients will have renal osteopathy, or accompanied with itching, desquamation, and skin ulcers at the same time.